Dengue fever
Dengue is a virus that is transmitted
to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The main germs that transmit
the disease are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, Ae.
albopictus. The virus that causes dengue is called dengue virus (DENV). Dengue
fever (called DENgee) is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused
by any of the four closely related dengue parasites. These viruses are related
to the viruses that cause West Nile infection and yellow fever. It is estimated
that some 400 million cases of dengue worldwide occur each year, some 96
million of which cause illness. Many incidents occur in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world, with the greatest risk occurring: Indian
subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Taiwan, Pacific Islands,
Caribbean (excluding Cuba and Cayman Islands) in Mexico, Africa, and Central
and South America (excluding Chile, Paraguay, and Argentina) Many cases in the
United States occur in people who are infected with the virus while traveling
abroad. But the danger is increasing for people living near the Texas-Mexico
border and in other parts of the southern United States. In 2014, an outbreak
of dengue fever appeared in Hawaii with another outbreak in 2013 in
Brownsville, Texas, and Key West, Fla. Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite
of the Aedes mosquito infected with the dengue virus. A mosquito can get
infected by biting a person who has the dengue virus in his blood. It cannot
spread directly from person to person.
Symptoms
of Dengue Fever usually starting 4 to 6 days after
infection and lasting up to 10 days, may include suddenly a high fever, very painful headache, pain behind the eyes, severe pain in the joints, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, skin rash which occurs two to five days after the
onset of the flu and minor bleeding (nosebleed, bleeding gums, or easily
scratched). Sometimes, the symptoms become mild and can be
mistaken for flu or other viral infections. Young children and people who have
never had the virus before are more likely to have milder conditions than older
children and adults. However, serious problems may arise. These include dengue
hemorrhagic fever, a rare complication characterized by high fever, damage to
the lymph and blood vessels, bleeding from the nose and gums, increased liver
function, and dysfunction of the circulatory system. Symptoms may include
severe bleeding, shock, and death. This is called dengue shock syndrome (DSS). People with weakened immune systems and those with
secondary or subsequent dengue infections are believed to be at greater risk of
developing dengue fever.
Transmission
of mosquitoes to humans; mosquitoes can be transmitted to
people with the viremic disease by DENV. This could be a person with
symptomatic dengue infection, a person who will still have symptoms of
infection (they are pre-symptoms), but also people who do not show any signs of
illness and (no symptoms). Human-to-mosquito-borne transmission can occur 2
days before a person shows symptoms, up to 2 days after the fever has been
resolved. The risk of mosquito infection is positively associated with high
viremia and high fever in the patient; in contrast, high levels of
DENV-specific antibodies are associated with a reduced risk of mosquito
infection (Nguyen et al. 2013 PNAS). Most people have viremic for about 4-5
days, but viremia can last as long as 12 days. Maternal
transmission; the
main method of transmitting DENV between humans involves mosquito vectors.
There is evidence, however, of the possibility of maternal infection (from a
pregnant mother to her baby). Although direct transmission rates appear to be
below, the risk of direct transmission seems to be linked to the duration of
dengue infection during pregnancy. If the mother has DENV during pregnancy, the
children may suffer from premature birth, low birth weight, and fetal stress.
Diagnosis
of Dengue Fever; Doctors can diagnose dengue by taking
a blood test to check for the virus or antibodies in it. If you get sick after
a tropical visit, tell your doctor. This will allow your doctor to evaluate the
possible symptoms of dengue.
Treating
Dengue Fever; there is no prescriptive drug that
will stop the flow of emotions. If you think you may have dengue fever, you
should use painkillers with acetaminophen and avoid aspirin-containing
medications, which can make bleeding worse. You should also rest, drink plenty
of fluids, and see your doctor. If you start feeling worse within the first 24
hours after your fever subsides, you should rush to a hospital for a checkup.
Dengue
vaccination; the first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia®
(CYD-TDV) developed by Sanofi Pasteur was licensed in December 2015 and has now
been approved by regulatory authorities in 20 countries. In November 2017, the
results of further analysis to detect serostatus during vaccination were
released. The analysis showed that a subset of study participants who were
considered seronegative at the time of the first vaccination had a higher risk
of severe dengue and hospitalization from dengue compared to the uninvolved
participants. Therefore, the use of the CYD-TDV vaccine is targeted at people
living in permanent habitats, aged 9-45 years, who have had at least one
episode of dengue virus infection in the past. Many other dengue vaccine
candidates are being tested.
Preventing
Dengue Fever; the best way to prevent this disease
is to prevent the bite of infected mosquitoes, especially if you live in a
tropical area or travel to a tropical area. This involves self-defense and
efforts to keep mosquitoes at bay. In 2019, the FDA approved a vaccine called
Dengvaxia to help prevent the disease in young people aged 9 to 16 who are
already infected with dengue. However, there is currently no vaccine that
prevents the general public from getting it. Use mosquito repellent, even indoors. When outdoors, wear long-sleeved shirts and
high-waisted trousers. If you are indoors, use a fan if available. Make sure window and door screens are secure and
free of holes. If sleeping areas are not inspected or ventilated, use mosquito
nets. If you have symptoms of dengue, talk to your doctor. To reduce the number of mosquitoes, remove areas
where mosquitoes can breed. These include old tires, cans, or flower pots that
collect rain. Regularly change the water in the baths of outdoor birds and the
water containers of pets. If someone in your family suffers from dengue, be
especially careful about your efforts to protect yourself and the rest of your
family from mosquitoes. Mosquitoes that bite an infected family member can
spread the virus to others in your home.
Risk
factors; Pre-infection with DENV increases a
person's risk of developing severe dengue. Going to cities (especially
informal) is associated with the transfer of dengue through many social and
environmental factors: overcrowding, human mobility, access to a reliable water
source, the practice of water retention, etc. The social risks of dengue
infection also depend on people's knowledge, attitude, and how people respond
to dengue, as well as the implementation of general vector control activities
in the community. Therefore, the risks of the disease may change and change
with climate change in tropical and subtropical climates, and germs may adapt
to new environments and climate.
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